Friday 20 May 2011

Galen's work in greek language

English translation:
But let us take the account back again to the first conformation of the animal, and
in order to make our account orderly and clear, let us divide the creation of the
foetus overall into four periods of time. The first is that in which. as is seen both in
abortions and in dissection, the form of the semen prevails (Arabic nutfah). At this
time, Hippocrates too, the all-marvelous, does not yet call the conformation of the
animal a foetus; as we heard just now in the case of semen voided in the sixth day,
he still calls it semen. But when it has been filled with blood (Arabic alaqa), and
heart, brain and liver are still unarticulated and unshaped yet have by now a certain
solidarity and considerable size, this is the second period; the substance of the
foetus has the form of flesh and no longer the form of semen. Accordingly you
would find that Hippocrates too no longer calls such a form semen but, as was said,
foetus. The third period follows on this, when, as was said, it is possible to see the
three ruling parts clearly and a kind of outline, a silhouette, as it were, of all the
other parts (Arabic mudghah). You will see the conformation of the three ruling
parts more clearly, that of the parts of the stomach more dimly, and much more
still, that of the limbs. Later on they form "twigs", as Hippocrates expressed it,
indicating by the term their similarity to branches. The fourth and final period is at
the stage when all the parts in the limbs have been differentiated; and at this part
Hippocrates the marvelous no longer calls the foetus an embryo only, but already a
child, too when he says that it jerks and moves as an animal now fully formed.The time has come for nature to articulate the organs precisely and to bring all
the parts to completion. Thus it caused flesh to grow on and around all the bones,
and at the same time ... it made at the ends of the bones ligaments that bind them
to each other, and along their entire length it placed around them on all sides thin
membranes, called periosteal, on which it caused flesh to grow [19].


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